Authorship Criteria for Scientific Articles

Abstract

Nowadays, most scientific articles are written by more than one author, and usually, each has a different contribution to the article. Overall, when a scientific article is ready to be published, the contributions of the authors in terms of actual involvement may be extremely different. Therefore, not all authors have equal, or even equivalent contributions, and this should be emphasized in the article. The purpose of this article is to review the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors criteria for authorship and to present a few ethical breaches in this regard, namely gift authorship, honorary authorship, prestige authorship, authorship exchange, the white bull effect, ghost authorship, and ghost management.